Open port sampling interface

ABSTRACT

A system for sampling a sample material includes a probe which can have an outer probe housing with an open end. A liquid supply conduit within the housing has an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing. The liquid supply conduit can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust conduit within the housing is provided for removing liquid from the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust system can be provided for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate, the first volumetric flow rate exceeding the second volumetric flow rate, wherein liquid at the open end will receive sample, liquid containing sample material will be drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit, and liquid will overflow from the open end.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 14/682,837, filed Apr. 9, 2015, and is related to PCT applicationno. PCT/US16/26709, filed on Apr. 8, 2016, both entitled “OPEN PORTSAMPLING INTERFACE”, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedfully by reference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support under contract No.DE-AC05-00OR22725 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. Thegovernment has certain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to sample analysis systems and methods,and more particularly to sample analysis systems utilizing samplingprobes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The proper sampling of sample materials and preparation of suchmaterials for further chemical analysis can present challenges. In thecase of mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography,for example, the sample must be properly placed into solution prior toentering the analysis device. The sample material can be received indiverse forms such as particulates ejected from a solid sample surfaceby laser or acoustic ablation, as a solid from puncture sampling devicessuch as pins, from droplets of sample-bearing solution, from liquidextraction from a surface, and the like. These sample specimens must beprocessed into an appropriate solution prior to further chemicalanalysis. This can require additional steps and complicates and prolongsthe time required to perform the analysis. Also, the testing can involvemultiple or repeated samples and requires these steps to be repeated andthe equipment required to place the sample into solution to be washed orreplaced repeatedly.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A system for sampling a sample material includes a probe comprising anouter probe housing with an inner wall and an open end. A liquid supplyconduit within the housing has an outlet positioned to deliver liquid tothe open end of the housing. The liquid supply conduit can beconnectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a firstvolumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaustconduit within the housing is provided for removing liquid from the openend of the housing. A liquid exhaust system in fluid connection with theliquid exhaust conduit can be provided for removing liquid from theliquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate, the firstvolumetric flow rate exceeding the second volumetric flow rate, whereinliquid at the open end will receive sample, liquid containing samplematerial will be drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit, andliquid will overflow from the open end of the probe. The firstvolumetric flow rate can be at least 5% greater than the secondvolumetric flow rate. The liquid exhaust system can include a connectionfor placing the liquid exhaust conduit in liquid communication with achemical analysis device.

The system can further include an overflow collection system forcollecting the overflow liquid from the open end of the probe. Thecollection system can be a collection container surrounding the outerprobe housing. The liquid exhaust system can include a connection forplacing the liquid exhaust conduit in liquid communication with achemical analysis device, and can further include a processor. Theprocessor can receive a signal from a chemical analysis device if asample of interest is present in in liquid from the liquid exhaustsystem. The processor can then direct the collection of overflow liquid.The collection system can include a connection for placing overflowliquid collected by the collection system in liquid communication with achemical analysis device.

A method for sampling a sample material can include the step ofproviding a probe including an outer probe housing having an inner walland an open end, a liquid supply conduit within the housing having anoutlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, andan exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the openend of the housing. A liquid exhaust system can be provided in fluidconnection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquid from theliquid exhaust conduit. Liquid is flowed through the liquid supplyconduit to deliver liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the openend of the housing. Liquid is flowed through the liquid exhaust systemat a second volumetric flow rate. The first volumetric flow rate canexceed the second volumetric flow rate, wherein liquid at the open endwill receive sample, liquid containing the sample will be drawn into andthrough the liquid exhaust conduit, and liquid will overflow from theopen end. The first volumetric flow rate can be at least 5% greater thanthe second volumetric flow rate

The method can further include the step of performing chemical analysison liquid from the liquid exhaust system. The chemical analysis can beat least one selected from the group consisting of high performanceliquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

The method can include providing a liquid overflow collection system,and further can include the step of collecting overflow liquid with thecollection system. Overflow liquid from the collection system can bedirected to a chemical analysis device. The method can include the stepof performing chemical analysis on liquid from the liquid exhaustsystem, and if an analyte of interest is detected in the chemicalanalysis, can further include the step of collecting overflow liquid.

A probe for sampling a sample material can include an outer probehousing having an inner wall and an open end, a liquid supply conduitwithin the housing and having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid tothe open end of the housing, and an exhaust conduit within the housingfor removing liquid from the open end of the housing. The liquid supplyconduit can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at afirst volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. The liquidexhaust conduit can be connectable to a liquid exhaust system forremoving liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetricflow rate. The first volumetric flow rate in a first mode of operationcan exceed the second volumetric flow rate, wherein liquid at the openend will receive sample, liquid containing the sample will be withdrawnfrom the liquid exhaust conduit, and liquid will overflow from the openend. The probe can further include a collection system for collectingthe overflow liquid from the open end of the probe. The collectionsystem can include a container surrounding the outer probe housing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

There are shown in the drawings embodiments that are presently preferredit being understood that the invention is not limited to thearrangements and instrumentalities shown, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the open port end of a probe.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the probe in the first mode ofoperation.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a probe in a second mode of operation.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a probe in a third mode of operation.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a probe in a fourth mode of operation.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a probe in a fifth mode of operation.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a probe for sampling of a samplematerial and having an overflow collection system.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a system for sampling a samplematerial.

FIG. 9A is the total ion current (TIC) chronogram recorded aftertouching a fingertip to the open end of the open sampling interface ofthe probe for 5 s. FIG. 9B shows the averaged and background subtractedfull scan mass spectrum obtained from this sampling. Sample andbackground signals are indicated by the greyed areas in FIG. 9A.

FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C were obtained from the sampling of skin withCUDERM® tape strips from both a coffee drinker and a person that hadabstained from coffee and other caffeinated beverages for several daysprior to the sampling. FIG. 10A is the total ion current (TIC)chronogram recorded after touching a blank tape and the tape thatsampled the skin of subject #1 and subject #2 to the sampling interfaceof the probe for 5 s. FIG. 10B is that chronogram signal extracted fromthe TIC that is specific for the caffeine metabolite paraxanthine. FIG.10C is that chronogram signal extracted from the TIC that is specificfor caffeine.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show the data from the analysis of a polyethyleneterephthalate (PET, 98.5 wt %) color chip that was prepared containingthe oil soluble dye solvent green 28 (0.5 wt %) and ethylene bis(stearamide) (EBS) wax (1.0 wt %). FIG. 11A is the total ion current(TIC) chronogram recorded after touching the PET color chip to thesampling interface of the probe for 1 s. FIG. 11B shows the averaged andbackground subtracted full scan mass spectrum obtained from the first ofthe two samplings. Sample and background signals are indicated by thegreyed areas in FIG. 11A.

FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C show the data obtained by dropping droplets (sixreplicate droplets for each verapamil concentration) of a liquidsolution containing the analyte verapamil (0.01-10 micromolar) and theinternal standard propranolol (1.0 micromolar) onto the probe liquiddome. FIG. 12A is the resulting extracted ion current chronogram forpropranolol and FIG. 12B is the resulting extracted ion currentchronogram for verapamil. The plot of the ratio of the integrated peakarea of verapamil to propranol was curve fitted demonstratingquantitative analysis capabilities (FIG. 12C).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A system for sampling a sample material includes a probe 20 comprisingan outer probe housing 24 with an inner wall 32 and an open end 40. Aliquid supply conduit 36 within the housing 24 has an outlet positionedto deliver liquid to the open end of the housing. The liquid supplyconduit 36 can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquidat a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing, as shownby arrow 44. A liquid exhaust flow channel 30 can be defined by a liquidexhaust conduit 28 within the housing and is provided for removingliquid from the open end 40 of the housing 24. A liquid exhaust systemin fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit 28 can be providedfor removing liquid as shown by arrow 48 from the liquid exhaust flowconduit 28 and flow channel 30 at a second volumetric flow rate, thefirst volumetric flow rate exceeding the second volumetric flow rate,wherein liquid at the open end 40 will receive sample, liquid containingsample material will be drawn into and through the liquid exhaustconduit 28, and liquid will overflow from the open end 40. A dome 52 ofliquid will be formed when the liquid supply exceeds the liquid exhaust.Liquid not overflowing the open end 40 will transition from the liquidsupply conduit 36 to the liquid exhaust conduit 28 as indicated byarrows 56.

Liquid at the open end 40 will receive sample from a sample material.The sample will be captured in the liquid dome 52. Some of the samplewill flow with the liquid through the liquid exhaust conduit 28. Theliquid exhaust conduit 28 can be connected to a liquid exhaust systemwhich can deliver the sample and solvent to a suitable chemical analysisdevice, such as a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) deviceor a mass spectrometer.

The particular arrangement of the liquid supply conduit 36 and theliquid exhaust conduit 28 can be varied. In FIG. 1 the liquid exhaustconduit 28 is provided as a tubular conduit positioned with the outerhousing 24, and the liquid supply conduit 36 is defined by the annularspace between the liquid exhaust conduit 28 and the inner wall 32 of theouter housing 24. The probe can be differently configured, for exampleby the provision of one or more tubular liquid supply conduits, by oneor more differently constructed liquid exhaust conduits, and the like.The number, geometry, size and relative positioning of the liquid supplyconduits and the liquid exhaust conduits can vary, so long as asufficient quantity of liquid can be delivered to the open end and asufficient quantity of liquid can be removed by the liquid through theprobe to produce the dome 52 and overflow condition when desired, andpossibly also a no overflow condition. The dimension of the flowchannels can vary. The dimensions of the liquid exhaust flow channel 30,d₁, of the liquid supply conduit 28, d₂, and of the outer diameter ofthe housing 24, d₃, can all be varied depending on the characteristicsof the probe 20 that are desired and the testing to be performed.

The height of the dome 52 will depend on a number of factors includingthe flow conditions and the solvent. The height of the dome 52 can varyso long as the dome 52 extends beyond the open end 40 of the probe suchthat sample can be introduced into the probe 20 merely by touching downon the dome 52. The over flow condition in which the liquid supplyexceeds the liquid exhaust such that liquid spills over the open end 40can perform a number of functions. It can allow for the dilution ofsample flowing through the liquid exhaust to a desired level, even tothe extent of a great excess of liquid overflow. It can perform acleaning or washing function of the open end 40 of the probe 20. Theoverflow liquid can also be collected and analyzed separately orrecombined in a feedback with the liquid exhaust. It is also possiblethat the overflow liquid is the primary sample-bearing liquid to beanalyzed, and the liquid exhaust is used primarily to control the flowrate of the overflow liquid.

A suitable sensor such as light-based sensor 53 can be used to monitorthe dome 52 to establish the correct flow balance. The sensor 53 canprovide a signal to a suitable processor which can control valves andthe liquid supply and exhaust flow rates.

The first volumetric flow rate can exceed the second volumetric flowrate by any suitable amount. The first volumetric flow rate can be atleast 5% greater than the second volumetric flow rate. The firstvolumetric flow rate can exceed the second volumetric flow rate byseveral fold, such as 100% or even 1000% if dilution of the sample orcleaning of the open end is desired. The probe can also be operated in acondition where no liquid flows out of the open end. It is also possiblethat the system could additionally be operated in an underflow conditionwhere the first volumetric flow rate is less than the second volumetricflow rate. Such an operation is disclosed in a copending United Statespatent application entitled “Capture Probe” and filed on even dateherewith, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated by reference.

There is shown in FIG. 2 the probe 20 being operated in a no overflow orlow overflow condition. The volumetric flow rate of the liquid supplyand the liquid exhaust are balanced such that little or no liquidoverflows the open end 40. There is shown in FIG. 3 the probe 20 beingoperated in the overflow condition. The volumetric flow rate of liquidsupply as indicated by arrows 44 sufficiently exceeds the volumetricflow rate of liquid exhaust as indicated by arrows 48 that a substantialflow of liquid overflows the open end 40, as indicated by arrows 60.

There is shown in FIG. 4 a mode of operation wherein an object to betested such as finger 64 simply touches or in this case completely sealsthe open end 40. Contact between the object and the solvent will removesample from the finger, which will flow out of the probe 20 with theliquid exhaust 48 where it can be chemically tested. The probe 20 canreturn to an overflow condition when the finger is removed to effectcleaning of the open end 40 if desired.

There is shown in FIG. 5 a mode of operation in which the sample 72 isprovided on a sample support 68. The sample 72 is removed by anysuitable means, wherein it will fall or otherwise move into contact withthe dome 52 of liquid at the open end 40 of the probe 20. In one aspectthe support can be transparent to a wavelength of laser light 78 suchthat the transmitted laser beam 78 ablates the some sample from thesample material 72 on the support 68. Other means for removing samplesuch as acoustic ablation, reflection laser-induced ablation, and heator other radiant energy are possible. A device for radiating energy suchas an acoustic desorption device can be utilized wherein a laser orother energy imparting device is used to generate an acoustic wave whichtravels through the sample support to impart energy to the sample andeject sample from the sample material. The acoustic desorption can belaser induced acoustic desorption. The invention can be used with othermeans for ejecting sample material from the sample to the probe. Thesample material can be particulates which are ejected into or fall intothe probe, or airborne and diffuse to the probe or are guided to theprobe by a guiding gas flow.

Any suitable means for delivering sample to the liquid dome 52 arepossible. There is shown in FIG. 6, for example an embodiment wherein adroplet dispenser 84 supplies droplets 88 of sample or sample-containingsolvent to the dome 52 of the probe 20. The droplet dispenser can alsoinject sample directly into the solvent dome of the probe. Alternativelya sample 96 can be provided on a sample pin 92 which can be introducedinto the solvent dome 52.

The position of the liquid exhaust conduit and the liquid overflow canvary. The position of the liquid exhaust conduit 28 within the outerhousing 24 can be used as another variable to control the performance ofthe probe 20 and the system. In general, the lower the position of theexhaust conduit the greater the extent of sample dilution and the longerthe wash through time for a sample.

The system can further include an overflow collection system forcollecting the overflow liquid from the open end of the probe, as shownin FIG. 7. The collection system can be a collection container 100surrounding the outer housing of the probe 20. The collection container100 has an open end 104 by which overflow liquid can flow into thecollection container 100. The collection container 100 can be formed inany suitable fashion, size, shape, or material. In the embodiment shown,the collection container 100 is formed in a base 120 to which the probe20 is mounted. The collection container 100 can communicate with aconduit 112 providing a liquid flow path 108 for removing overflowliquid from the container 100. The conduit 112 can be secured to thebase 120 by a suitable fitting 116. A support 168 for the base 120 canbe provided.

The system can deliver to and remove solvent from the probe 20 by anysuitable means. A liquid intake line 140 receives liquid from a suitablesource such as a container or a liquid supply line. A pump such as anHPLC pump (not shown) can be used to meter solvent flow into the probe20. The liquid can be any suitable solvent for the sample material, suchas water, methanol or acetonitrile. Other solvents are possible. AT-connection 128 can include a fitting 132 to engage the probe 20 andmake a fluid connection with fitting 136 and between the liquid supplyline 140 and the liquid supply conduit 36. A fitting 144 can make aconnection between the liquid exhaust conduit 28 and the liquid exhaustline 148. The exhaust line 148 can be connected to inlet 160 of achemical analysis device such as a mass spectrometer as by a fitting152. The probe 20 can be connected to the base 120 by any suitablestructure such as fitting 154, bushing 156, and securing nut 158. Otherconnection materials and methods are possible.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a system 180 for sampling a surface.The system 180 can have a sample analysis area 188 including the probe20, fitting 128 and line 160 to deliver liquid exhaust to a chemicalanalysis device. A source of radiant energy such as laser 200 can beprovided if the means for delivering sample to the probe is laserablation. If not another suitable device for delivering sample to theprobe 20 such as an acoustic ablation device, a droplet dispenser or anysuitable device can be used. The system 180 can have other features. A90 degree prism 204 can be provided to direct the laser beam through amicroscope objective 230. A light source 220 can be provided. A videomonitor 212 can be provided and can be connected to a display 216. Amass spectrometer 192 or other chemical analysis device can be providedand can have a monitor 196 and a suitable control 244 such as ajoystick, processor or other control device.

A processor can be provided to control operation of the device, andparticularly the flow rates of the liquid supply, liquid exhaust andoverflow as desired. The processor can also control the operation of thesample-supplying device such as the laser 200. The processor can receivesensor signals and provide control signals to suitable valves andcontrol circuitry to control operation of these devices and the systemin general. The processor can receive a signal from a chemical analysisdevice if a sample of interest is present in the liquid from the liquidexhaust system. The processor can then direct the collection of overflowliquid. The collection system can include a connection for placingoverflow liquid collected by the collection system in liquidcommunication with a chemical analysis device.

The method can further include the step of performing chemical analysison liquid from the liquid exhaust system. The chemical analysis can beat least one selected from the group consisting of high performanceliquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The analytical instrumentfor example can be any instrument utilized for analyzing analytesolutions. Exemplary analytical instruments include, but are not limitedto, mass spectrometers, ionization sources, spectroscopy devices,separation methods, and combinations thereof. Exemplary ionizationsources include, but are not limited to electrospray ionization (ESI),atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), electrospray chemicalionization (ESCi), atmospheric pressure photo-ionization (APPI) orinductively coupled plasma (ICP). Exemplary separation methods include,but are not limited to liquid chromatography, solid phase extraction,HPLC, capillary electrophoresis, or any other liquid phase samplecleanup or separation process. Exemplary mass spectrometers include, butare not limited to, sector time-of-flight, quadrupole mass filterthree-dimensional quadrupole ion trap, linear quadrupole ion trap,Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance orbitrap and toroidal iontrap.

FIG. 9A is the total ion current (TIC) chronogram recorded aftertouching a fingertip to the solvent interface dome at the open end ofthe probe for 5 s. The rise and fall in signal between 0.20 minutes and0.35 minutes is due to the material from the fingered extracted from andsampled into the exhaust conduit of the probe and on to the analysisdevice in this case a time of flight mass spectrometer using negativeion mode APCI. The probe was operated with 350 μL/min methanol inoverflow mode. FIG. 9B shows the averaged and background subtracted fullscan mass spectrum obtained from this sampling. Sample and backgroundsignals are indicated by the greyed areas in FIG. 9A. The main peaks inthe spectrum area identified as the most abundant fatty acids known tobe present in skin, viz., myristoleic acid (m/z 225), myristic acid (m/z227), palmitoleic acid (m/z 253), palmitic acid (m/z 255), linoleic acid(m/z 279) and oleic acid (m/z 281).

The data of FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C were obtained from the sampling ofskin with CUDERM® tape strips from both a coffee drinker and a personthat had abstained from coffee and other caffeinated beverages forseveral days prior to the sampling. FIG. 10A is the total ion current(TIC) chronogram recorded after touching a blank tape and the tape thatsampled the skin of subject #1 and subject #2 to the solvent dome at theopen end of the probe for 5 s. The rise and fall in signal for eachsampling is due to the material from the tape being extracted from andsampled into the exhaust conduit of the probe and on to the analysisdevice in this case a time of flight mass spectrometer using positiveion mode APCI. The probe was operated with 350 μL/min methanol inoverflow mode. FIG. 10B is that chronogram signal extracted from the TICthat is specific for the caffeine metabolite paraxanthine. FIG. 10C isthat chronogram signal extracted from the TIC that is specific forcaffeine. The presence of caffeine and related product paraxanthine isclearly evident for subject #1, the known coffee drinker, and was about3 orders of magnitude lower in the sample from subject #2 who abstainedfrom consuming caffeine for several days prior to the sampling.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show the data from the analysis of a polyethyleneterephthalate (PET, 98.5 wt %) color chip that was prepared containingthe oil soluble dye solvent green 28 (0.5 wt %) and ethylene bis(stearamide) (EBS) wax (1.0 wt %). FIG. 11A is the total ion current(TIC) chronogram recorded after touching the PET color chip to thesolvent dome at the open end of the probe for 1 s. The rise and fall insignal for each of two samplings is due to the material from the plasticbeing dissolved and extracted from and sampled into the exhaust conduitof the probe and on to the analysis device in this case a time of flightmass spectrometer using positive ion mode APCI. The probe was operatedwith 350 μL/min methanol/chloroform (1/1 v/v) in overflow mode. FIG. 11Bshows the averaged and background subtracted full scan mass spectrumobtained from the first of the two samplings. Sample and backgroundsignals are indicated by the greyed areas in FIG. 11A. The main peaks inthe spectrum area are identified as components of the PET (PETdimer-(CH₂)₂O at m/z 338 and a PET trimer at m/z 577) and the knownadditives solvent green 28 ((M+H)⁺ at m/z 535) and EBS wax peaks at m/z538, 566 and 594.

FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C show the data obtained by dropping droplets (sixreplicate droplets for each verapamil concentration) of a liquidsolution containing the analyte verapamil (0.01-10 micromolar) and theinternal standard propranolol (1.0 micromolar) onto the probe liquiddome. FIG. 12A is the resulting extracted ion current chronogram forpropranolol and FIG. 12B is the resulting extracted ion currentchronogram for verapamil. The rise and fall in signal for each compoundis due to the sampling of a portion of the droplet into the exhaustconduit of the probe and on to the analysis device in this case a timeof flight mass spectrometer using positive ion mode ESI. The probe wasoperated with 800 μL/min methanol in overflow mode. The ion current forthe internal standard was constant as expected while the ion current forthe verapamil increased as the concentration of this compound in thedroplets analyzed increased. The plot of the ratio of the integratedpeak area of verapamil to propranol was curve fitted demonstratingquantitative analysis capabilities (FIG. 12C).

The system of the invention permits sampling by direct extraction bytouching a surface onto the probe or liquid dome, by transfer of solidor liquid samples into the solvent dome or by capture of ablatedmaterial into the solvent dome. The probe volume in the dome providesfor analyte dilution and extended analysis time. The volume of the domewill change with solvent composition and surface tension and with therelative positions of the liquid supply and exhaust conduits. The domeinsures very effective transfer of sample material into the probe.

Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention canbe presented in a range format. It should be understood that thedescription in the range format is merely for convenience and brevityand should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope ofthe invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should beconsidered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges aswell as individual numerical values within that range. For example,description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to havespecifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well asindividual numbers within that range for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5,5.3 and 6. This applies regardless of the bread of the range.

This invention can be embodied in other forms without departing from thespirit or essential attributes thereof, and accordingly, referenceshould be had to the following claims to determine the scope of theinvention.

We claim:
 1. A system for sampling a sample material, comprising: aprobe comprising an outer probe housing having an open end; a liquidsupply conduit within the housing and having an outlet positioned todeliver liquid to the open end of the housing, the liquid supply conduitbeing connected to a liquid supply and a liquid supply valve fordelivering liquid to the open end of the housing at a liquid supply flowrate, the probe also comprising a liquid exhaust conduit within thehousing for removing liquid from the open end of the housing; a liquidexhaust system in fluid connection with a liquid exhaust valve and theliquid exhaust conduit, the liquid exhaust system for removing liquidfrom the liquid exhaust conduit and the liquid exhaust valve fordelivering exhaust liquid to the liquid exhaust system at a liquidexhaust flow rate; a sensor positioned proximate the open end thatmonitors a liquid dome present at the open end that is formed by a flowbalance between the liquid supply flow rate and the liquid exhaust flowrate; a processor which receives a signal from the sensor and isconfigured to control the liquid supply valve and the liquid exhaustvalve so as to control the height of the liquid dome; wherein duringoperation of the system, liquid at the open end receives sample materialand liquid containing sample material is drawn into and through theliquid exhaust conduit.
 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising anoverflow collection system for collecting the overflow liquid from theopen end of the probe and wherein the liquid supply flowrate exceeds theliquid exhaust flow rate.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the systemoperates in a no overflow manner.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein thesensor is a light-based sensor.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein theliquid exhaust conduit comprises a tubular conduit positioned within theouter probe housing, and the liquid supply conduit is defined by theannular space between the liquid exhaust conduit and an inner wall ofthe outer probe housing.
 6. A method for sampling a sample material,comprising the steps of: providing a probe comprising an outer probehousing having an open end, a liquid supply conduit within the housingand having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of thehousing, and an exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquidfrom the open end of the housing; providing a liquid exhaust system influid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquidfrom the liquid exhaust conduit; providing a liquid supply valve influid connection with the liquid supply conduit for controlling a liquidsupply flow rate in the liquid supply conduit; providing an exhaustliquid valve in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit forcontrolling a liquid exhaust flow rate of the liquid in the liquidexhaust conduit; providing a sensor proximate to the open end thatmonitors a liquid dome; providing a processor connected to the sensorand the liquid supply valve and exhaust liquid valve; flowing liquidthrough the liquid supply conduit to deliver liquid and flowing liquidthrough the liquid exhaust system so as to form the liquid dome at theopen end, wherein the liquid dome at the open end receives an objectcontaining the sample, the sample is extracted from the object into theliquid dome and is drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit,sensing via the sensor, the height of a liquid dome and passing a signalto the processor, the processor controlling the liquid supply valve andexhaust liquid valve so as to control the height of the liquid dome. 7.The method of claim 6 wherein the liquid supply flow rate in the liquidsupply conduit is at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end andthe liquid exhaust flow rate in the exhaust liquid conduit is at asecond volumetric flow rate, and wherein the first volumetric flow rateexceeds the second volumetric flow rate and wherein liquid overflowsfrom the open end.
 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the object is afinger.
 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the finger sealingly engageswith the open end.
 10. The method of claim 6 wherein the liquid exhaustconduit comprises a tubular conduit positioned within the outer probehousing, and the liquid supply conduit is defined by an annular spacebetween the liquid exhaust conduit and an inner wall of the outer probehousing.
 11. A method for sampling a sample material, comprising thesteps of: providing a probe comprising an outer probe housing having anopen end, a liquid supply conduit within the housing and having anoutlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, andan exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the openend of the housing; providing a liquid exhaust system in fluidconnection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquid from theliquid exhaust conduit; flowing liquid through the liquid supply conduitto deliver liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of thehousing; flowing liquid through the liquid exhaust system at a secondvolumetric flow rate, the first volumetric flow rate exceeding thesecond volumetric flow rate, wherein liquid at the open end receivessample liquid containing the sample and is drawn into and through theliquid exhaust conduit, and liquid will overflow from the open end;contacting an object containing the sample material to the liquid at theopen end; and extracting the sample material from the object into theliquid.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the object is a finger. 13.The method of claim 11 wherein the finger completely seals the open end.14. The method of claim 11 further comprising the step of performingchemical analysis on the liquid from the liquid exhaust system.
 15. Themethod of claim 14 wherein the chemical analysis is at least oneselected from the group consisting of high performance liquidchromatography and mass spectrometry.
 16. The method of claim 11 whereinthe probe comprises a liquid overflow collection system, and furthercomprises the step of collecting overflow liquid with the collectionsystem.
 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step ofdirecting overflow liquid from the collection system to a chemicalanalysis device.
 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the overflow liquidis combined in a feedback with the liquid in the liquid exhaust conduit.19. The method of claim 11 wherein the first volumetric flow rate is atleast 5% greater than the second volumetric flow rate.